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Hide and seek 捉迷藏" l1 d4 U; o$ C1 p& ?
Shield /veil / screen8 y( ^0 `0 ?$ x2 }; b5 F& R1 p

% E3 x# D) @5 I6 E- J3 t, C- lRiot police  防暴警察3 {; e1 T' T4 s! B* g; w

( {; G6 K4 o6 `! t2 }/ |Humanity 人性,人类,---只做集合名词,没有复数& m9 I* g' w6 S) X! d6 f
这类词还有: human race, mankind% z6 _, B& ]. N) Q7 Y* q! O* z

! C& X$ [# ?0 O: N7 `. Lcredulous 轻信的4 z9 m' |" s* r: W& k0 r
能吃的edible, eatable (一样,只是形式不同)
: b3 s& m/ p$ Q4 EThe interest in English motivates me to learn it.  x( B, R2 N& k. v2 r9 o
Interest is motivation. 5 L6 R6 e, p, K6 s$ h+ Q9 d
Drive / spur /stimulate
7 F) A0 @5 n' l7 S, u, k! F
8 T5 j% ~; Y) ^# Y' W# UNeedless to say /beyond doubt/ beyond question /without doubt/ undoubtedly
+ k% N$ w5 ^* V7 o( w& ?0 {' JCensus 统计0 q, p+ o& R9 n, m% t4 ?8 L
Censor 审查
/ b  G  e- k% HCensorious 挑剔的: ^) y/ \- K! P8 R
7 ?& e2 p, l# @8 ~# x1 C; ]( P
Pre-law 法律预科班  pre-medicine
6 b. K- k0 K2 g/ q: h/ ]- kI will entertain. 我款待你们% c* R" a" I& L+ ~" p( Z- L1 ?% y
I will entertain lavishly. 大宴宾客7 V  `& m8 L6 w9 H! v- w( W) Z' P# J
& A, r$ L6 n4 B7 h) f* v$ p
Drag / burden: B" ^; p0 |8 A5 F
I have a big burden to carry. 养活一大家" |  V: ]# T, a  [2 u/ _' s

6 j, O% X) H, |2 v+ v* ]  q2 [Hollow-headed /hearted  腹中空空
6 s% M8 x! V; I" E, ~0 gHallow 神圣的4 N% I; ~0 v0 t" G4 n
6 t9 a/ j0 N% c
Banal/ cliché/stale/ corny 平庸,陈腐1 Y3 b: a# G+ d+ d, e% p1 r8 ], N
Hackney 破旧的马车
! g% N8 C5 m- i' V$ q* K3 t8 U7 V6 T; C& q4 F
His work usually take the form of poetry. : \9 H0 F* K. b* S
他的作品都是以诗歌的形式出现
, H; \1 h. V3 |  L) Zcostume play 古装戏
2 p; n* V7 l; W3 `+ G+ B4 \5 ^! B& x! K: C# m, p4 h
Thames “h” 不发音 , 地名”h” 不发音+ S% r( X" j( s: ~
Dallas Mavericks 达拉斯小牛队2 `! o8 q) A) {5 q6 m
Over smoking/drinking ruins my health.
' H8 q, h( }. m/ n% l: w  W" WI am broke. (ruined)- [& {. ?. u5 P! l
I am down and out. 完了
6 s2 e; x3 }: L2 h- j( Y0 dI am down full.
& B$ @* S; \' A
7 E, C$ H, o  s  h2 |5 g' g$ xRuthful 有同情心的

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Sympathetic 同情的
/ Y9 S  V2 n: p5 xMarble(大理石)-hearted , flinty-hearted 无情的$ w# {% r: h( _1 m& I

9 {* w4 ?, s2 g$ s3 VBenefaction 给教堂捐款(宗教)2 X' {* S' U) J- t3 c' m
Benefactor. 捐款人  beneficiary 受款人
5 h& m$ m! v5 G3 ZDonation  泛指  donator7 g3 L% `: R8 ]- l
Endowments---才能,天赋
! g. v4 i* w) p" i% KEndowment (research, school )为研究, 学校捐款. S$ Z2 n) m. r  j' @4 K( d
I am endowed with courage.  我浑身是胆.
( f; o: J# m/ S4 r' sI have a gift /talent for music.
- W3 l& f4 e; _0 A' i0 L( Y& ~6 \5 V1 D! L; M4 V( I
Compensate 经济手段补偿
7 h' ^  N1 u* n6 A, ]Make up for   其他手段  V( ^/ E# v5 o& L" p- q
I will do a make up. 补考8 ]9 v9 M1 E* `
I do more housework to make up for my roughness.' Y' y) M$ Z. D3 f" C& i7 J
4 O% t! x- e- w$ j. ]! q
Nature 本质* O: y5 b' l1 W# x8 q
Essential  adj. &  n.
' W% f# g1 D4 f! \Essence n.
  q9 O5 }6 Y) J
. o( ?) e8 G* k$ a- eI suffer a cold. 病情严重- {4 o8 N& o6 X
I suffer form a cold. = have /catch
( d+ d$ }) r; J0 t9 L
, |7 F( X; d+ S, L/ {/ Z9 YThe building shakes to roaring wind.(to 因为,随着,表示原因)
1 G  `$ [" J3 Z  @" STo , with , from 表示原因
! Y% l1 L/ c# _  A* \I am tried from standing.1 a, L; X  d; G8 V
I tremble with cold.* m1 i  `; {2 U+ {3 I
. H$ s0 ?; S1 K4 J% z" Y& A# Z
The man roared the boy into silence.* J2 W7 P9 s) z* z
The man looked the boy …….. 盯着看的他不敢出声
' |" @+ ]2 p9 u9 Y, f* U! D# {$ h8 Y# BI am on night/day shift.
" b) a, @, F, B4 D& \8 W6 h% l3 A+ _" u' O
Loads of (车辆)
; Q* y+ P3 Y# I4 bBeijing is the seat/center/heart/hub of China.
3 a6 j7 {) k% T) P( ~Change 部分改变: m7 h" S) D7 _( R- W
Transform 彻头彻尾改变
; w" ]8 h3 |. O) {6 w, v0 aWealth transforms his character/nature.
5 t) P  G' k) ^# N2 e! j
% A6 f* Q$ }  _  ^Epoch breaking 跨时代的发明
6 s2 X) Z2 r. ?9 H. VNew era 新时代
! e+ ^  }+ S5 {
, s, a8 f6 n" iHe takes strong/close resemblance to his dad.5 S0 Y5 m' l+ p. [/ m! c: @' b
On the verge of  在…的边缘3 v; q% z' U) u) o$ B) t. ?. q
He is on the verge of disaster. 大祸临头
2 e( i6 x- I% dThe brim of a cup/hat/glasses

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Brimless glasses
+ q: n2 L# v0 I# l2 Y2 }1 ]Brink 水的边缘
! K  y- y; U- ^2 FThe edge of knife( a) {8 M8 M4 b. ?& ]6 E  m
Margin 页边的空白% X, u' B- V/ i5 }8 A+ i
Water margins 水浒传
) t2 C2 P; z, L  i/ L- s0 ?5 ~4 H" N% h. X$ c: Z
Rarefy 稀少" F* h+ [, a/ \- ?2 R. k6 [2 n
Rarefied  高雅的
: E2 U6 o  ]+ [+ I* }6 RRarefied fashion/style/taste0 i8 M: r7 [" S+ Y
: D$ T( _! [% \; p+ a& O% u
Pity ---pitiable 可怜的
+ K0 f) Q2 i2 p# c6 B9 }- `3 k, ELamentable 可悲的
$ o4 }4 N9 e9 K9 s8 cDeplore 极其悲痛
2 Q, }, C. h# {2 E5 @$ }0 [8 F" W
There are great changes in our family. 初级用法
' b- X) K2 m1 k/ {* c% ]My family experienced /witnessed /saw so many changes in the past 20 years.! B* i' S: C+ u/ C% o. V8 u
拟人用法personification
1 W9 V6 [$ w7 O2 }/ BThe harmony in my family is swept away.! Y8 L2 T$ A* S
  ?/ M4 [* M" [% n+ q4 W
Speculate ---without a complete knowledge% P1 L* ?$ s% t# @
Predict ----based on solid foundation.
8 }, P; U+ T: u; c* dSpeculate about /on sth8 b( }3 J9 V% h" e! Y8 f
In stocks / speculator 9 i7 I: Z4 N: l# Y1 t
' k! M* Q; |: {' X) A% e( Z
Anti literacy  扫盲/ `. j" M* i0 {. X
Literal translation 直译法word to word, K" ]6 I) ~% b8 l& K
Free translation /paraphrase
: d; _4 j/ w: B  m) X5 fLiterally 确实! u, X0 `5 y3 j
Children are literally hungry.
- A5 m$ L7 T5 f+ l# _- c7 L
7 v/ x6 r. X8 T  F2 B) j8 {Oddity/eccentricity9 ?( I* `2 M+ S
Odd month/leap month/ even month: R4 |% g- V5 `9 {

6 f4 v5 |" k" w+ o/ JIn respect of /as for/with regard to
7 @" V. Y2 C* v! h! lPlausible ----似乎有理的, 表面的seemingly to
3 Z3 O- e2 M: B& I/ H7 q% ?9 @Reasonable 确实有理
& t/ X0 |" o" j3 S+ iWhat you said is plausible , but it is not practical nowadays.
+ t7 D) ^; `) D9 k/ WWhat you said is reasonable , I will accept it." {9 _# s6 p/ @
更有理 convincing, persuasive0 L, `7 B% D; o3 X9 R

# ~( ~$ d' a  L8 Xthesis/theory
/ I, V( h1 q$ C- R' Ehypo/under5 b- C* y& b4 z
hypothesis 假说' g$ I' b- @: P+ }
hypotension 低血压

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hypocritical   hypocrite  伪君子
5 Z- }/ E6 t" ?0 H! @8 u2 p! U7 r9 V8 M. l% i3 n
I have the scalp of sb 击败某人/ v: b6 }' I9 [0 a
Punctuate ---不时介入
% j% M! C4 k1 @) A…………the passage 给段落加标点
$ |/ `4 F) a9 P3 m# E6 r, ohe ~ in our talk. ! K9 d$ c$ P) C& @" d/ U- Y
Punctual /on the dot/ in good time
6 e" \! o- ^9 H8 l  h0 `* L+ f. ^6 W, U  x3 `# o5 y7 U& s
How he snores! 讨厌烦人8 S; `. @3 Q! g" D; P# y
Nerve war 心理战2 n' p9 T9 K  E
Mental disorder 精神文联
# k5 y" d/ f* e' bDisorderly house/ casino/ gambling house.
9 b! C4 y" ~. S1 _6 aIn rags/as poor as a church mouse3 |$ \/ Z0 A4 ~+ b: x+ V

7 T$ W' f  J; v, F" r" }I am rather sad. 贬义,心情不好
8 x, M9 f: k, @: O, e. K( K8 gRather cloudy 天阴沉阴沉的
5 c& K: Z6 P6 SFairly sunny 褒义

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Lesson 1 6 |  d/ J4 z  F

( @; f& n! d; h! y" H, gWe can read of 读到things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where 6 g! C: o; ?4 d. R3 o0 v) j) |! f
people first learned to write. 非限定性从句做原因But there are some parts of the world where
; X2 [. J, x) s5 w5 ?/ V( W9 ^* ]even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their 1 k2 a% e3 l7 r3 {
history is to (有only,表语结构用to do)recount it as sagas--legends handed down 流传from one generation " `1 \% `% ?" j4 N- t! g$ [
of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell
' I" b6 b: C7 ^1 G2 H8 qus something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could
* D* @5 }- C& Lwrite down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors
) ~! I5 c; z  i, b* U/ Jof the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The - c+ X( z) A' a+ x6 |8 i& J& Z
sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about - Y& S( L: Z$ e- P6 f$ |7 e5 `
2,000 years ago.
/ ^* w1 a* r( h) ]- p' v8 U1 DBut the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even 8 R8 l' i3 Y) K5 t
their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither
$ }+ T* A- I( l% j3 Fhistory nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men'
" u8 Q2 T! s! ^  z- `7 ~4 P4 Ucame from.
& \( K1 M8 Q* zFortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, ! M6 }; R4 c8 Z! X  v/ z5 J
because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used 1 z+ E8 {: o! J: O" v& d
wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so 8 n$ ^3 {) q5 f+ n! y5 g! T1 X4 q
the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made
- U# A0 X4 l8 |% _them have disappeared without trace.
( @( y- F9 s8 t% bRobin Place Finding fossil man7 b) }2 Y! |6 H5 P0 \* R; @
6 u& n+ r( f) P' `6 p# B! c" l
Lesson 2/ v! P' @/ I% D' V; I
& f7 a$ D3 m- S7 S( {# C
Why , you may wonder, should spiders be our friends? Because they destroy
& C( V# M# ?: i2 r, [6 Zso many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the
# B: H; E* D4 z& Khuman race.用单数 Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;
  m8 E6 h- I' {% Cthey would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were
! N2 [3 E8 l7 p: r1 enot for (=but for)the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to . j0 h' h" P  Z6 b
the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only
. i* B5 q7 ^) Ba fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of
$ s# s" \1 x) _6 f2 ?) G3 Gthe other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings.
7 o5 I  ^! l# R8 |7 A2 }5 Y7 t6 i% O& J
Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to
0 S! G, }2 V8 F' A3 a7 zthem. One can tell the difference almost at a glance 看得全(glimpse 看不全)for a spider always , V0 P2 a" t, E2 S" \
has eight legs and an insect never more than six.
: z0 Q" y8 b" \0 R' ]( z! ?9 xHow many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf? One authority on 9 h5 J6 u% P/ ~6 p
spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England,
& O) w: X8 z7 g6 h and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre; that ! m- U; K/ @: p3 q2 t( d
is something like(=about)6,000,000 spiders of different kinds 后置,比较正式on a football pitch.

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Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible . Y5 I) m3 l3 `# n0 L1 d2 y
to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are " e. t! Q/ Z5 P3 Q* ^
hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated 0 b, {* Z5 {' |. }; d* l! x
that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one ! l3 ~( V+ z. Y0 \
year would (表假设,要么昆虫数量杀的多,要么英国人太少)be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.
4 X! P$ v" y  e# b' d! o: y- z/ V* M0 |5 A4 D# G' C" R
T. H. Gillespie Spare that Spider from The Listener; H! e, {3 k7 Q) _

9 s2 N2 e) o( U' F6 @+ }( D 2 A! g( _6 E: u# U3 M* |/ Z$ Q
3 E' w( v2 V4 W7 `) G; |% D$ F$ [
Lesson 3. S: J1 y. f% k2 P5 x1 V; i

$ S! F( `/ }4 x' p6 m) @5 X+ cModern alpinists 登山者try to climb mountains by a route 一条线,狭窄which will give them
% b! ^, h7 a$ ]* y8 s8 S8 @& _+ Cgood (=stimulus 刺激, thrilling 震撼,兴奋)sports, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. 珍视+ `, |8 x* G/ W, \. b) p9 V! F
In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. 别人说话你不信时用The early 4 W$ O. D/ {! J) E) T( T% E7 p
climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top, because the summit 7 I7 ?* F& o; t' T/ Y8 e
was the prize the sought, especially if it had never been attained before. ( B4 d* {. P( _  i; E  V
It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and 9 y8 v" a  A9 ]! k' H# Z0 o5 a
dangers of the most perilous nature, (=faced the most perilous difficulties and dangers)equipped in a manner which would make
% h; ^2 ]4 O5 ia modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their ) C; S1 J  H9 C# L
way to 专门=intentionally) court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal-the top!& Y$ A# B2 J. o
It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers.
7 R1 s, U3 k$ G# p. {Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly * h! e  q" l7 u1 T# P
become popular. Alpine villages tended to 逐渐变成be impoverished settlements cut 7 [% n4 q2 {; k; q# b2 \6 z
off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were 可以这么说were " {% h3 o9 V. X$ t6 C6 I$ Y
generally dirty and flea-ridden: the food simply local cheese 土奶酪accompanied 4 p# q6 R2 c/ u9 I9 W8 u
by bread often twelve months olds, all washed down with coarse wine. Often
6 H3 E( z7 r( r; p& xa valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they ( \8 Y+ z1 y8 ]9 u1 b$ s
could-sometimes with the local priest(who was usually as poor as his parishioners)
# X5 A: K) Q4 h' F, sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers. Invariably the background was
1 C: B% C7 o0 k; X, |' `; Vthe same: dirty and poverty, and very uncomfortable, For men accustomed to % S& N) C6 `. N0 N0 f. @6 [0 u
eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home,
% q" _( ?) k1 Q5 D0 Rthe change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed." O% C* @  i6 @' r3 S. w* |
* ]1 A4 B  U: @& Y) A
WALTER UNSWORTH Matterhorn Man

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Lesson 46 F. D; K5 E& B& P% V: ]$ o

: G, h: T2 Z" b+ \0 WIn the Soviet Union several cases have been reported recently of people % M1 c9 H6 `7 B  V* t
who can read and detect colour with their fingers, and even see through
9 n% |/ ~4 D% q0 A7 Psolid doors and walls. One case concerns an eleven-year-old schoolgirl, / P' b$ C8 Q% N2 F8 S5 S
Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with
& D9 D, i  [: b1 N/ fdifferent parts of her skin, and through solid walls. This ability was first
6 E' Q/ `) f4 U2 anoticed by her father. One day she came into his office and happened to ! @3 j! ^, ]  w0 h1 l( y! s0 l' c2 i
put her hands on the door of a locked safe. Suddenly she asked her father
, ~8 W8 f1 T& m6 X& n5 Xwhy he kept so many newspapers locked away there, and even described the 5 W: D: T4 T8 x3 o' J) f! M2 j# g
way they were done up in bundles.3 f8 c# |( j8 Q/ x4 \
Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a Scientific Research 3 u7 M. o! c, g
Institute in the town of Ulyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she # V/ s3 g( S* Y: r
was given a series of tests. During these tests she was able to read a newspaper
* A+ b, G4 G1 u8 n) Cthrough an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a + M5 _% I! l6 e3 Z) B' r
child's game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed
- ^, r3 j) ~; s" K0 f- {& u+ i6 c. don it. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar + r2 l1 A! T4 j( e+ Q; H, p
sensitivity. During all these tests Vera was blindfold, and, indeed, except 8 v" Q7 m+ l8 S' E0 B. U2 c
when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin. 0 U8 Y; L' I' N3 R2 ~% q
It was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers " ?5 }2 R1 a$ Q
this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet.
. ~2 \, W+ O; b9 X' F0 p7 y+ mEric DE Mauny Seeing Hand from The Listener
+ q, H0 Z3 s+ e, T* \; _
9 b: z- ~( c7 e6 i2 \1 C, E1 E# y, Z% A% Y5 b0 [
$ p/ @+ V6 o: U, _6 w
* S7 e! s5 K& }4 F# H! ]* N% K8 z
Lesson 5 *****
0 H% ~) \7 `/ d$ J3 Y: ?The gorilla is something of 有点a paradox in the African scene. One thinks one
1 ]4 h" [+ V: z6 @" n6 m0 w" s4 Y5 D( @knows him very well. For a hundred years or more he has been killed, captured,  U3 {0 z" l1 @- p* \
and imprisoned in zoos. His bones have been mounted 陈列in natural history
7 c. U3 G1 Q* c  _1 o+ @museums everywhere, and he has always exerted a strong fascination upon & H5 L9 E7 J8 H' H6 C) t" ^6 |
scientists and romantics alike. He is the stereotyped monster 经典模式of the horror
( {% |" k+ |1 j' z! Z$ c$ efilms and the adventure books,历险记 and an obvious (though not perhaps strictly ( X- f3 n' v& Y% P' N' O9 i
scientific尽管话说回来,不是严格的科学概念) link with our ancestral past.
$ F& ~! D5 }0 tYet 放句首,无标点the fact is we know very little about gorillas. No really satisfactory * a& g1 {3 L4 k" x
photograph has ever been taken of one in a wild state, 野生状态(复原No really satisfactory photograph of one in a wild state has ever been taken 避头重)no zoologist, however
% `/ V1 G! c& V/ ^* Xintrepid, has been able to keep the animal under close and constant observation
" g( e. X" g! n% V9 c: c5 X6 f. Iin the dark jungles in which it lives. Carl Akeley, the American naturalist, 5 z( h7 m0 P3 ^. w
led two expeditions[            ]n.1. 远征;探险;考察
, Q3 j: e5 |. }/ W. N7 n to these volcanoes in the nineteen-twenties, and now 9 _: {" K; B  I: |
lies buried (动词+形容词,埋葬, lie awake 睡不着)here among the animals he loved so well. But even he was unable to discover how long the gorilla lives, or how or why it dies, nor was he able to define the exact social pattern of the family groups, or indicate

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the final extent of their intelligence. All this and many other things remain / t/ N0 ^" z7 \/ Z+ [: e, w$ G7 ]
almost as much a mystery as (a mystery the same as) they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu
7 X; |9 [1 G! M- p! K3 p6 V, H* wfirst described the animal to the civilized world (civilized means to get away from wild life. Savaged world 野生世界)a century ago. The Abominable " l! L) F6 n6 H6 R& l
Snowman who haunts the imagination of climbers in the Himalayas is hardly
0 R# @9 g- E9 ?6 p3 Mmore elusive.(省略了than the gorilla.  最后一句侧面比较用非,引出结论) 那萦绕在Himalayas 爬山者脑海中那种令人难以琢磨的雪人,看起来也不一定比我们研究的大腥腥更加令人费尽心思.- r- I' G! W% I2 b
  ?$ ~7 T" p1 R$ R& c* J
Alan Moorehead No Room in the Ark
3 X# N3 }- [/ {: t2 O: I( F1 E8 Q. @5 K1 C" i( I* A; u3 Y
gorilla大猩猩
8 g- y' ?$ D* j5 z! Fsomething of 略有; I2 `6 [! l; M6 h
paradox自相矛盾
3 F3 ?& R5 v  _# q9 P. [) Yromantic富有幻想的
+ ?; r* X) t$ j  l: M) R8 ~( Zstereotyped常见的，老一套的& Q/ S( _5 x6 Q: j& o& p
intrepid勇敢的7 Y* G6 Q. F% O4 P
Abominable Snowman (yeti) 雪人! N  C* E, B: o
haunt萦绕' q. Q: O5 O4 D# g( w) M  A) o- S
elusive难以捉摸的
, L! R6 X3 m$ [$ I+ D# smount陈列，放置% M* g% f' m* U" q
monster怪物. C2 H/ A% ]8 G6 Q+ Q8 H1 z
ancestral祖先的
7 F; J$ y, `) q$ w+ E/ T! fdark jungles不透光的密林/ k" p# r8 I: l0 R! o: n
naturalist博物学家
0 p0 C% e- |" N. i% \- |take out a patent 获得专利
1 h  u! Q0 |5 g6 f- X7 F# B) KIt is patent (=obvious) he loves this girl.4 |. r, ?# L- Q0 j3 R7 v0 P' ~7 q
Seek truth 追求真理(不加for)  seek after +  人,  He is much sought after. 红得发紫
5 e0 }0 S1 M% E+ w" @I make considerable/substantial money.赚大钱
. |- a2 H# S. d+ \* a. _Inquire into a case 案件调查
+ [2 J1 `4 ^  W, N  v& ^& ECheck 不清楚有无% }$ V  _; B  ?# m, c, @
Exam 有症结在前提
' y  o( E" @2 \. s% ZInquire about  -------------formal/ Y1 y+ P# C; _# y8 F
Inquire after sb .   惦记
; R9 {5 k) B, k9 P7 c  d$ c0 ?He is positive in class. 说话积极. e% f" r/ y8 c- H9 u
Plaintiff 原告     defendant 被告, ?- m+ y7 m9 s& p% p0 b, m
Positively 程度副词right+ G( v' ^( z+ `& |) s% S; {0 q. b4 u
Lesson 6
( u# r! z+ o; g! M1 Y) ?! L2 N1 W! l0 e) E
People are always talking about 'the problem of youth'.(Single quotation) If there is one-which I take leave to doubt-then it is older people who create it, not the young

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themselves. (开门见山的思维straight forward,   引人深思thought provoking).Let us(speaker exclusive) get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are
* u( z1 Y( Q  B9 b, Wafter all human beings-people(are 省略) just like their elders. There is only one ( G8 [3 C' H/ ^4 {; L' J' |. l4 [5 l5 t
difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious
7 b+ F" ~" K( h9 m5 B1 yfuture before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and
3 x# v6 x# Y) u& F  d; J2 Zmaybe that is where the rub is. 摩擦,问题的症结所在
1 i5 f+ S* G8 r# ^0 xWhen I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain-that I 0 Z* L/ G+ J* Q
was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been very pleased to be 0 N) t2 J- a& R" |% P0 z
regarded as something so interesting as a problem. For one thing, being 5 S( l, c+ ^# k/ Q5 g
a problem gibes [     ]嘲讽you a certain identity, and that is one of the things young are busily engaged in seeking.
7 E/ |, Y* V  M. \; Q2 A& II find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, 无拘无束(=carefree)and they have
$ O! C3 m0 Z) V1 G: [# F3 b( {, Znot a dreary commitment to介词mean ambitions  卑鄙的野心or love of comfort. They are not 9 A, R& F! T. P6 z
anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things. 物质享受All
* r8 n/ S, y4 z# O# Ethis seems to me to link them with life, 生机and the origins of things.事物之源 It's
$ A2 C( R) z6 S* x* |4 `& y+ u/ nas if they were, in some sense, 可以这么说吧cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures, all that is in my mind when I meet a young person., ^* }0 c' _7 m. i- s
He may be conceited,自负 ill-mannered, 粗暴presumptuous 自以为是or fatuous愚蠢无比, but I do not turn for protection(原为turn to sth for protection 求助) to dreary cliches about respect for elders-as if mere
( ]+ c! C* J9 L7 jage were a reason for respect. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue
8 j6 D8 D! S3 H% }! P# K3 A# Uwith him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.
7 y7 a2 [2 L% Z' z8 u- VFielden Hughes from Out of the Air, The Listener  
- I/ Y+ F  o3 U7 p3 C/ K9 ^
  K$ u, L/ _0 i9 _! F4 p- K( V1 VHe wants to stand out/ cut figure. 展露头角3 ^- S3 h+ i; w. Y6 K, w& i) F
My days are numbered. 来日不多了$ E/ ]8 ]/ J  C. w# m
Apple polisher/ boot licker 拍马屁. A/ }6 }) p& c0 X6 o
Suburban creature = mediocre 平庸6 G0 `/ N% x/ S+ @/ Q$ ]6 x
Honorable:  荣誉的
7 A0 ^0 w$ f- x: i9 o5 }  IReverent : 受人敬佩的) X: m: z+ s5 A
He is filled with life. 有生机# ~2 e  e& O7 q3 c( z% Q7 V
I love originals. 我喜欢原版.
- Z6 x0 C& ~. L/ r- l# k% hAn old ox makes a straight furrow. 姜还是老的辣
8 I( }# X$ E& t/ n7 n, d" G- |; [# h- P# ^
Lesson 7. D& j5 R% C1 ?# n6 `
$ Z7 [: x# F5 a, U) U- q) T% s
I am always amazed (程度大于surprised)when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill * A- [! X4 H& {5 ], R9 x, o7 D
between the nations, and that if only (1,表虚拟,2,作为条件句---只要,+主句)the common peoples of the world could . r4 [" Z7 n; f( `7 `
meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination
2 c9 o1 }1 t3 @& N; @, b% qto meet on the battlefield. Even if one didn't know from concrete examples

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(the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests 0 {' a4 u6 A8 u6 f  a* p
lead to orgies [      ]无节制行为[C][(+of)]% G' x% b4 w# w# }# y1 N
She indulged in an orgy of spending." U* [1 X  G7 n5 G' M# Y
她爱好大把大把地花钱。
4 K& N7 ~0 a' a& |! D) n of hatred, one could deduce 推导it from general principles.一般原则: C9 X3 d% v3 h* S# \, Q2 _7 Y9 S
Nearly all the sports practiced nowadays are competitive. You play to win,
7 @  j8 U% k1 cand the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. On the
$ y4 k! k4 U; t6 Y$ n5 [3 ~: Vvillage green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism % J: p$ F' a: N# c
is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but
0 f+ C+ f; \5 nas soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon s you feel that you
, O' T: f& |0 }8 eand some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative
2 I1 o( a- E5 B, Binstincts are aroused.本能的好斗心理 Anyone who has played even in a school football match 9 P: D3 w- f* w9 X3 s/ Q, R3 |
knows this. At the international level sport is frankly mimic warfare. 模拟战争But
/ t; i6 R& Q; ?' ]the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude ' Y, M; q4 Z& F" {0 f5 I/ J
of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves
+ N. F( I" C$ I* N5 f& Jinto furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe-at any rate ! f3 t# M4 ^4 m* e7 I5 L
for short periods-that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of
# Y8 P. N6 Z; G1 x+ lnational virtue.(=quality).% y; c' b3 R: C/ ~: S& \* M* U
/ J3 J$ c/ C0 ]' V1 Y; D
George Orwell The Sporting Spirit
* ^5 L7 K3 |- ?/ \American Black 美国黑人7 _$ `. F; q; v! e
1 ?/ {' @* }9 I. U$ C1 W
W. O. Lester Smith Education    \) p: h6 J% h) ]/ v) V
. u* m: J4 v* B7 G  b
Lesson 8
& t3 V, _$ V( {" S. I5 ^( A7 M9 d2 k9 r4 w2 X7 `9 U
Parents have to do much less (放在比较级之前表示程度词)for their children today than they used to   ~; ~, e0 g8 x1 o' j# j
do, and(表结果) home has become much less (越来越不象, much more 越来越象)of a workshop. Clothes can be bought ready " X4 x5 R- T' b3 h: ^1 _
made, washing can go to the laundry, food can be bought cooked, canned or : O; h, `, D+ E) h$ E9 M
preserved, bread is baked and delivered by the baker, milk arrived on the
5 s7 K# w3 ^1 H& g) g4 wdoorstep, meals can be had at the restaurant, the works' canteen, and the $ s- M9 x9 c, ^
school dining-room.4 H: G3 W, D2 l, ^2 j$ M# m
It is unusual now for father to pursue his trade or other employment at
8 m9 R2 N: m5 B7 v! J  `2 h+ Mhome, and表结果his children rarely, if ever,即便有的话,也是不多 see him at his place of work. Boys / N. x6 S* ~- g
are therefore seldom trained to follow their father's occupation, and in 8 m. {4 w( @+ C5 L
many towns they have a fairly wide choice of employment and so do girls. , E3 M% \* {6 r
They young wage-earner often earns good money, and soon acquires (最轻松的获得a feeling of economic independence. In textile areas it has long (=for a long time)been customary for   g& U8 w- U2 o8 M9 c
mothers to go out to work, but this practice has become so widespread that
& G/ u: k7 w% e( V' Lthe working mother is now a not unusual factor in a child's home life, the
! N7 w) y; G- o$ l0 }* x, snumber of married women in employment having more than doubled in the

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number of married women in employment having more than doubled in the last 7 ?2 T5 c. G, Z
twenty-five years.. 独立主格句,省略谓语,变为having,  短语的主语和主句的主语完全不同)With mother earning and his older children drawing substantial
' ~3 _/ X; X2 nwages father is seldom the dominant figure that he still was at the beginning ! B7 `! Z2 F! I( r% Q
of the century. When mother works economic advantages经济实力 accrue,  [      ]
' y0 V9 r/ A  qvi.1. (通过自然增长)产生,形成
  \4 v) T3 |  q; X" athe wisdom that accrues with age
" [6 g6 B9 X7 n1 X0 f/ u随年龄俱增的智慧
0 _& f; Y$ W8 Q/ @9 T3 [- z2. (利息等的自然)滋生,增加[(+to/from) Interest accrues on a daily basis.按日生息。
- c8 T4 n! p" i; X4 Q% C7 B& V9 Sbut children lose something of great value if mother's employment prevents her from being home to greet them when they return from school.
0 \: x  m4 m8 D* z7 ~$ V' rW. O. Lester Smith Education  $ m1 F0 H4 @5 y1 M6 M
5 b3 I5 Z& o+ I* a9 A- ^
Works 复数指factory 机械的,大型工厂=plant
; a/ q8 w& v. q5 a5 ^0 cMill ( 木头)
6 j3 \8 t" X/ wCompany 泛指9 z( d4 [; W$ _! h! ]9 L
/ G! X4 p4 h% l8 e
Lesson 108 |5 q$ ^3 R8 ~  t# H' c8 K6 `5 J4 |% }
' }8 j& ^; I4 D- y) S% N" G
In our new society there is a growing (=increasing)dislike of original, 对….越来越不喜欢creative men. 3 m" K+ k$ s9 B. }1 W9 M) S& b
The manipulated do not understand them, the manipulators fear them, The # {# b# g1 V# `, ^
tidy (指人数之多, the mojortity)committee men regard them with horror, knowing that no pigeonholes (=position)3 @" Y. A) A  j3 r
can be found for them. We could do with (1,将就,2,need) a few original, creative men in
2 `9 c' c( i5 U  c" x1 w. pour political life---if only 哪怕只是为了to create some enthusiasm, release some energy--/ U$ X0 C. y! F
-but where are they? We are asked to choose between various shades of the
/ y9 b/ c! Y5 \( ?negative. 反对党The engine is falling to pieces while the joint owners of this
' m  z- _1 `1 @  O' Pcar argue whether the footbrake or the handbrake should be applied. Notice   p: \- e2 v. k5 `+ I( U
how the cold, colorless (=mediocre 平庸之辈)men, without ideas and with no other passion but
3 }1 V( E  @2 h( M, c$ s& Ka craving for success, get on in this society., (青云直上social climber, stage seeker) capturing one plum 好东西after
1 @2 @% n5 T) r8 [8 Sanother and taking the juice and taste out of them. Sometimes you might . g; c9 T: o2 O' v3 M) p
think the machines we worship make all the chief (=important)appointments, promoting ! g2 U5 S. k( k9 ?6 ]
the human being who seem closest to them. Between midnight and dawn, when
8 r- Y. F: K/ ^, z7 v# W: nsleep will not come and all the old wounds begin to ache, I often have a
8 j2 y4 ?- x! v! U; wnightmare vision of a future world in which there are billions of people, 1 r! t6 e9 O, z- R' K' y
all numbered and registered, with not a gleam of情感等的)闪现,一丝genius anywhere, not an . U) R! G" m+ L1 u/ z) @9 m
original mind, a rich personality, on the whole packed globe. The twin ideals ' M9 U2 r- G, |
of our time, organization and quantity, will have won for ever.确定性强,表示能看到的状况

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J.B PRIESTLEY 简洁著称的人Thoughts in the Wilderness   
% [$ e4 Q' G& A0 W0 k9 X
5 D! M, M" T! b2 P5 W% AA scene from the film of George Orwell’s horrifying novel.4 D/ w* S7 i- |4 \' x' S
Centralization 权利集中化
$ j2 W  M6 Y( [; cFreedom is slavery, war is peace, ignorance is strength. 导致思想僵化& R% ?9 Z2 j( c$ A
  F. Q' n; P$ @+ Z5 [7 v
Lesson 12. I/ D' b) D3 E* @: [" a0 R: ~

, J2 H' {, u, GWhat characterizes almost all Hollywood pictures is their inner emptiness.
" G% k+ W& j+ A( H: s) C" [7 ZThis is compensated for被弥补 by an outer impressiveness. Such impressiveness - y/ \2 n4 U5 a+ Z- e; L. e1 y
usually takes the form of a truly grandiose realism. Noting is spared 剩下(用尽一切,no effort is spared) to 5 v2 _1 f" o& K' v9 l$ x
make the setting,布景 the costumes, all of the surface details correct. 表面的细节完美无缺These 1 t6 M' `( p1 d7 A' `2 ~8 A
efforts help to mask the essential emptiness of the characterization, 刻画,描述and
$ J, w+ v* _3 f8 H) pthe absurdities and trivialities of the plots. The houses look like houses; $ W( }' I2 Q) R* K8 ^% ]6 i' d
the streets look like streets; the people look and talk like people; but ( g+ b- U5 e/ H0 G6 a& j$ Z( i
they are empty of humanity, credibility, and motivation. Needless to say, & F4 A' N6 k. }. K0 E" y; B
the disgraceful censorship code 法规is an important factor in predetermining
4 J' P7 p" o5 r0 H+ R# athe content of these pictures. But the code does not disturb the profits,
/ |% ^, V7 {2 s5 [nor the entertainment value of the films; it merely helps to prevent them   V5 ^: I: C  X1 S& Q; [
from being credible. It isn't too heavy a burden for the industry to bear. 能承受( J) N5 c% F0 m0 I% @3 P, b
In addition to the impressiveness of the settings, there is a use of the 3 l& `# t' V* w* j% k; }: C  Y
camera which at times seems magical. But of what human import is all this ' p- ]- y  T8 ^* m
skill, all this effort, all this energy in the production of effects, when " l( E4 _, H  b! B+ _
the story, the representation of life is hollow, stupid, banal, childish. 当故事是如此的空洞,愚蠢,平庸,你们所有的这些努力又有何意义呢?=All this skill , all this effort , all this energy ………..is of what human import?
; k6 g7 _# d4 F8 p) U9 x, pHow important is all this skill …..to human….?所有这些对于人类而言,又有何重要性呢?
+ C4 ~) U7 G5 `3 X$ E6 h) c; u6 x/ w/ m5 d
James T. Farrell The Language of Hollywood  
/ Q9 z9 Q; ?/ v6 k1 }: ]9 n
! r" J  Q6 D8 d* H* IMotion picture 电影0 I. @% n( ?) c9 K, {, `

" o* I4 ^0 l- a, P4 v+ R/ Y
% V) a) V: J) f) h, B2 D/ zLesson 139 \- t2 B5 ?$ \9 g  V8 g6 u- k' ^" z' F
6 K5 o' Y; a5 `* a7 Q+ o7 n* {
Oxford has been ruined by 抽象用意the motor industry. The peace which Oxford once 5 n/ h/ u0 i- s9 V% e
knew, 拟人用法and which a great university city should always have, has been swept
9 C/ O: n% U5 [. oruthlessly away; and no benefactions 捐款and research endowments 基金can make up ! @  v& L+ _) f5 b
for the change in character (=nature)which the city has suffered. At six in the morning

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the old courts(classroom/teaching area) shake to 随着the roar of buses taking the next shift to Cowley
* Y5 V: @' `/ _& n3 Gand Pressed Steel; great lorries   大卡车with a double deck cargo of cars for export
" |  i$ u* C- x$ G5 x. ?# y1 }lumber past Magdalen and the University Church. Loads of motor-engines are ! S- f( _+ j  q/ W6 }) A( J! ]
hurried hither and thither四面八方;到处and the streets are thronged with 挤满;涌入a population which has no interest in learning and knows no studies beyond servo-systems and distributors, compression ratios and camshafts.
6 e, F8 K/ A7 Q* t4 ^2 w$ dTheoretically the marriage of an old seat of learning and tradition with
0 [+ [2 D& a; B8 L/ {a new and wealthy industry might be expected to produce some interesting % w+ ]+ B9 Y8 y* p* @" i3 v: u
children. It might have been thought that the culture of the university
8 ^2 K. ~, b: R' wwould radiate out and transform 彻底改变the lives of the workers. That this has + e$ G3 I  Q+ x' M  B4 y
not happened  做主语may be the fault of the university, for at both Oxford and Cambridge the colleges tend to 身不由己live in an era which is certainly not( era 省略了) of the twentieth century, and(省略了谓语live ) upon a planet which bears 拥有little resemblance to the war-torn Earth. Wherever the fault may lie the fact remains that 事实就是如此it is the theatre at Oxford and not at Cambridge which is on the verge of extinction, and the
0 D* p9 i) N5 w: ^$ `  V" e+ Xonly fruit of the combination of industry and the rarefied           ]4 \6 J- j& f- ?
a.1. 变稀薄的2. 纯化的3. 变精细的;精选的atmosphere of 4 u( X; g3 v" O+ f* T
learning is the dust in the streets, and a pathetic sense of being lost
; e$ L6 U2 a0 xwhich hangs over 弥漫,悬挂, 是一种茫然若失的氛围,暗示教育将走想向何处some of the college.
& D! M3 z# d. b' j5 s. [Roger Pilkington Thames Waters- P. }* E2 S* Q# ^7 w+ _
Oxford' c! |/ x+ r7 D6 i1 F2 D
I wake up to the large sound noise. 一声巨响把我吵醒了2 Z2 s! `" O7 I9 h) \
No way out 没有出路9 W6 K7 H0 l# c' L3 h* z
On the verge of disaster 大祸临头
9 L& F  ?; b* s- m………………..collapse 崩溃在即
/ K+ @. ?. y  o- K" J1 G: N…………………bankrupt 频临破产/ U& S: b/ @1 W2 |- w' e! Q# @' Z
* [; ^4 o& g% D, @4 ^$ }6 y5 p
8 m' r+ t% n2 Y3 ^+ n: a! |

$ J$ i4 j8 _. W# y  d8 [* @Lesson 14+ \1 }+ v% A; d* u9 ^5 G$ i+ k

2 [6 z/ Q4 G' X9 [3 d6 Y+ _Some old people are oppressed 郁闷地by the fear of death. In the young there is
# u" ?6 k( \% R4 [6 Xa justification for 正当理由this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that ! U( B) @# }' m: ?6 U
they will be killed in battle 阵亡,固定用法,不可加定冠词may justifiably 无可非议地feel bitter in the thought 想到(=at the thought of)that they have been cheated of 剥夺(rob of/divest of /deprive sb of sth)the best things that life has to offer. But
8 E7 _+ y  r+ X% Win an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever 3 \" V/ f  t& r3 z) B1 e- k! M
work it was in him to do,(it was 是强调,in him 对他而言,在他看来,是插入语,to do 是work 的后置定语) the fear of death is somewhat abject 可怜的and ignoble. 可耻的  p- F/ Q' b# J  w! I1 _" S1 M5 N
The best way to overcome it------so at least it seems to me------is to make
, E9 U& Y( Y) J3 y& S) t/ Iyour interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the
+ q. w: R! o, R" N7 b3 ^walls of the ego recede, and your li

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and your life becomes increasingly merged in the 0 C, N1 s" V+ [4 [
universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river------small
4 K: _( r  T+ F- iat first, narrowly contained within its banks, (=surroundings)and rushing passionately 4 M8 h! R" Q$ F1 q* M) m8 |
past boulders 障碍and over waterfalls. 更大的挫折Gradually the river grows wider, the
) H( Y. d0 S: R3 ]- Mbanks recede, the waters 水域flow more quietly, and in the end, without any 6 W7 ^9 i+ w0 \
visible break, 没有明显的界线they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their
7 k3 `7 q) Z( Q$ d! s( Y" kindividual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way,
  l8 Q0 X+ F; Z! E  T* m. Z7 |will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will
( u( M4 N4 L" F5 I  B+ acontinue. And if, with the decay of vitality, 表原因weariness increases, the thought # ?8 i3 i6 i+ R$ M3 c7 p( D3 V
of rest will be not unwelcome. I should 表示一种美好的愿望,总有一天,现在不想死wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.(thought  的同位语从句)
: g" r# W* ^0 w# @8 iBertrand Russell How to Grow Old from Portraits from Memory" P  |. S- `% e6 i3 Y$ ^

& F8 G1 n& N+ H; c" c" mEbb and flow 人生的起起伏伏( E. P5 j1 a% P! }7 I
There is a wall between us/couples.# D: n1 L7 c" `3 ~' v
Drained/worn out/dog-tired/fatigued 累死了9 J& d/ s) z; n# ~; L/ W
The economy recedes 经济衰退+ q) E* ]9 `0 t2 [' q& W. a
Ego-trip  利己主义
' x5 \0 |# k. |5 i1 _: KEgocentric 自我中心0 \- ^, k* T) O; w9 o4 x' h* P" {
Pathetic可怜----abject有点下贱的可怜---ignoble可耻
5 M' j  Y2 Q- J- C  J2 |. eYou have the justification to beat back., ]; b2 o3 \- ~7 o% b
Cheat sb out of money 骗某人的钱& q$ b3 v+ F  U2 }" u# O# v
Deceive  欺骗情感
3 S. }9 w0 ?9 G& Z6 d# hI was deceived.7 i3 t6 D" X5 J" e% L0 h
Hoax: play trick
" i$ n" A4 q5 }' r/ p  QVisibility 能见度1 p! w  X3 p" D0 `5 _$ k& C
Depressed/in low spirits/I am a little down.
7 N- n" G/ ], wMerger兼并
9 _" ?% T( t9 C" A% x  F5 UMerge oneself into the mass 打成一片, m8 I6 s  L3 a3 I& h
Impersonal interest 广泛爱好
) N  ]" F8 W3 f: @The beams merge into darkness.  太阳余辉融入黑暗中; @1 L' o! ^2 C' f
8 C6 c/ n3 W4 ]+ y

6 }& c+ }8 [+ }Lesson 174 }0 y' u5 ]0 {5 r( P; s
背
# I7 r, W3 n; P) |6 lThe fact that we are not sure what 'intelligence' is, nor what is passed
$ f( j8 B  L9 {  o- con, does not prevent us from finding it a very useful working concept, and
1 u/ [( q9 m& {: R# W# aplacing a certain amount of reliance on tests which 'measure' it..(even though 的语气,但文中表达方式更为高级)如何才能加以衡量,去衡量9 _; ?+ D3 O) Z+ E+ q
In an intelligence test we take a sample of an individual's ability to solve
* |2 ~# B; Z; t6 Opuzzles and problems of various kinds, and if we have taken a representative

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sample it will allow us to predict successfully the level of performance
0 @# b, ~2 f, b. r/ g$ ahe will reach in a wide variety of occupations.* w0 ]. a) J* q3 J
This became of particular importance when, as a result of the 1944 Education Act, secondary schooling( 中学教育12-18 )for all became law, and grammar schools, with the " @0 o/ n, ~; R6 l3 M. t$ V3 f& j
exception of a small number of independent foundation schools, became 谓语文available to 面向谁the whole population. Since the number of grammar schools in the country
9 G0 W5 A+ X& C9 j' dcould accommodate at most approximately 25 per cent of the total child population ' {9 v% ?4 W5 v; i9 V5 E1 M
of eleven-plus,11岁以上 some kind of selection had to be made. Narrowly academic ( Z! K% r- l! E! m
examinations and tests were felt, quite rightly, (reasonably 有理由人为)to be heavily weighted (=loaded)
/ ~! y" ~; c* ~* xin favour of children who had had the advantage of highly-academic primary 3 `3 z( L- u! q/ X$ S
schools and academically biased homes. Intelligence tests were devised to : W- |; W$ f+ i" ?6 h% U+ h3 W# X
counteract 抵消this narrow specialization, by introducing problems which were
& v# b1 ]& X' M  G( ?* |+ v. Xnot based on specifically scholastically-acquired knowledge. The intelligence % h5 j2 H3 C6 I' ?
test is an attempt to assess 评估the general ability of any child to think,
7 D" C2 O# h0 O- ~0 r# _reason, judge, analyse and synthesize by presenting him with situations,
  ?, T5 H5 j/ v4 U; Kboth verbal and practical, 后置定语,两个以上可后置)which are within his range of competence and understanding.
- g9 P3 l4 Q# \( x7 S6 UBeatrix Tudor-Hart Learning to Live/ d) n: M1 h3 |+ w: Y! u
: j- J2 Q: s, ?7 ]
The weather is felt to be uncomfortable . 强调人的感受, [8 E0 d& l5 B* M8 e7 }
Thirty-plus   三十多一点% q4 u! i1 ]: M2 w( o
Progressively  递进地
0 e% G6 o6 {& S4 ^% I8 }Scholastically [          ] biased homes. 书香门第- K3 N4 g1 E) _+ c0 F
Be biased towards 偏向; B7 I. a, O) D! m: }' {8 f3 j: H
Ability in + 名词
" b$ T7 Y" r( S$ M7 \. oAbility to + 不定式+ \# C+ v1 u2 m( K
Intellectual :   形容词---智力的, 名词—知识分子( I; y8 P0 a- `1 p/ w
To pass on one’s intelligence = to judge …….
4 ^8 A1 u. `' h/ @+ ~$ zPass for 被认为,(只用主动)
- {5 j# `" b, R7 NParasite 寄生虫, drag 负担
# F6 v& b- ^3 w4 {* o, J( F, aSelf-reliant 自力更生
6 M3 s3 D( [/ o, ~  q$ Q% ADose—剂, + v* V' @& `+ }' N) l
Very colored 五颜六色的, very formed 各式各样的8 i, M: P) q/ g6 w8 `/ [' T
Multilateral talk 多边会谈
- w  c0 {! `4 @0 `, fHe got pay rise. /cut.
' u) x$ a! K" r8 |- p: y, W, KIn result 后面不加of
: I6 G- j" f0 c% s, f- y$ c  pHe performed well in result he got a pay rise.7 P0 C" f4 A; t9 m1 ~" V7 U4 ^
……………………in consequence……….6 @: L! `' R2 e7 d! c
Pass bill /motion 法案,协议% Z* U0 U- f, w: G! l( A
Episode /part 电视剧的集

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Act 戏剧一场. ?  {; E. R% s% B7 v) ]7 e  `& Y5 m
Today we got an act of God . 自然灾害
1 K, s) C" H1 ]0 k9 w/ O! t' MHe always put on an act. 摆谱
- Y" D2 u2 B# ?' VFoundation school 基金学校; {8 w* \& H) c! Y
Missionary 传教士+ k; }' g$ M6 e$ g
MBA –Master of Business Administration* e$ r* b2 z$ ^" o
Make use of = avail oneself of  利用….机会8 f' k/ q# [6 b. v" f$ E3 U; J
I avail myself of this opportunity to apply for this vacancy.
. ]! F1 L1 Q# W& g* j% OAccommodate oneself to 适应8 T# l: n$ O& U/ D9 J: d
Accommodating 与人为善2 h' N( D( r/ M* K" X  N5 S
Accommodations (美语中用复数) 找一个住处3 C& \* E- c2 x, v* H  z& R
Boarding and lodging 食宿; ~% v% m# ~) b
Specialty  专业
* C. j1 B0 r0 ^: h9 `; |, d) PI specialize in…….
& ], @. q5 X9 g& Y5 N: @( |Syn-----同,   synthesize ---综合 synchronize 时间diving. b7 B# l" s3 q# m2 h
; @6 N6 Z, m& e- C2 S
! f( C; T2 h) [* z- a' f5 ?
Lesson 189 O0 R+ `, c6 F# y$ W6 f) j* z
. R- v( l& X/ z% S/ U
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research * j' R8 [" u# H
in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy 普遍存在的保密性in which it is carried 4 U( E; H( K$ l" @+ e
out, the other( is 省略) the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. 研究者In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged 4 L2 ^; B& e- w# d
in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists 同行either * `) {7 P. S( j! k- ~
in other countries or in universities or even, often enough, 频繁in other departments
0 k" x( g+ W, M2 l$ R8 A5 P+ r# uof the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some
7 }8 T" ?' p5 w1 Yof the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general
: W" O0 n+ U& ]+ n! Dand fundamental nature that it 形式主语is a positive advantage to them not to keep
; ^5 |* E0 F; Y( X$ @/ @- gthem secret. Yet a great many processes 研究过程depending on such research are sought for 被追求with complete secrecy until the stage at which parents can be taken
& {: H, p! Z) }4 qout. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes.3 I8 `1 b' d- C
This applies particularly to chemical industries, where表原因chance discoveries 偶然的发现1 a+ y0 u( H5 _7 j$ ~7 }
play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. - Z: \$ B+ R: W* C% J3 x; P
Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature 本性,特点of the ( a; x! z, u( g4 J  K7 G, O
research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty 8 V. @7 R9 L. F# `7 P
in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are % v% i# h1 N% V
unwilling to have their names entered as作为(介词) having taken out 借书such and such
9 @3 q! [3 {  s: x' ka book for fear虚拟语气的象征 (in case ,lest ,so as not to)the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.(=carry out 从事)

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J. D. Bernal The Social Function of Science
7 q  x7 T( J4 Q% {, o5 E! d4 v4 v8 x3 T
Chance companion 萍水相逢
( m; n" t; k3 R5 @: vI chance(adj.) to be there.   Y' A! z/ e7 E# Q
I find it by chance.1 i1 z. W3 q6 R0 G. ?1 S, Z; z' g
Agent  n. 情报人员5 Q- y& y6 v' L7 r/ A3 L. g) |
Be open to any advice and suggestion0 y* k' L; C8 A; s8 R( _
Contact me/keep contact with me/keep in touch
! N! r! N/ Q+ q9 u& hConfined 一定限度的受限制
7 q! {$ ?6 w5 yWeigh-------------1,  I weight 100 pounds.   I am 100 pounds in weight.(in                 width/height/depth)
( H. [; N9 K$ ~. }                             2起作用 It weighs much.= it matters.
8 x9 D) Q0 t, e) g. }                             3,对谁有利 weigh in favor of ,   be weighed in favor of
2 B. G$ F9 ]8 {5 n. U8 M4 N5 d% P                                                  load in favor of , be loaded in favor of…* j  {5 C" J5 G: p8 A
                             4,对谁不利 be weighted against, be loaded against5 b( {( N' m* |# K
come into effect /take effect   实施
/ I$ _+ Z# F, z# E- j5 p, i6 O. |in so far as/ as far as I am concerned/ in that/ since+ z/ y$ Z. P* X& m3 p, y& D
* `" g3 P: {/ ~& L5 @8 k
8 Y4 K; d- I* g
Lesson 19*****
; i$ ?  ^9 y! _+ l. n& X
  @4 L" K1 T. ?  oA gentleman is , rather than does. He is interested in nothing in a professional * f* }0 L5 ?- r% ]9 u
way. He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must not 6 H7 K" L: b. x/ j8 v2 \
practise 从事a vocation. (to offer help and aid如医生,护士)He must know how to ride and shoot and cast a fly. ) a5 s) _" }! }" w2 r, z
He should have relatives in the army and navy and at least one connection
9 [% b" s, t$ {( S+ uin the diplomatic service. But there are weaknesses in the English gentleman'
  }0 l. |% V: Ys ability to rule us today. He usually knows nothing of political economy & d" e! q- U$ r. ?4 |6 T; T  e
and less about (=not to mention, not to speak of)how foreign countries are governed. He does not respect learning 学术# Z7 X9 N- J" f9 I9 i. ?' D0 d8 X; M
and prefer 'sport'. The problem set for society is not the virtues of the
' N; i2 I* `: x5 {6 u8 Z. K/ Ftype so much as it adequacy for its function, and here grave difficulties
. g+ ?) N! H3 D- n$ _arise. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of customer, who must # p, ?: U$ V5 _% }
buy, not the thing he desires but the thing the English gentleman wants 2 z& g, a) [# |  x
to sell. He attends inadequately to (关注+名词或动名词)technological development. Disbelieving ! N* Y* u& p, h0 h8 z* N
in the necessity of large-scale production in the modern world, he is passionately ; u( D. y* N% N+ W7 g" p
devoted to excessive secrecy, both in finance and method of production. ! \8 c: l. s: K- n& F9 l+ M
He has an incurable and widespread nepotism (the giving of favors to his relatives by a person in the high position)in appointment, discounting 看轻
1 H& p7 U9 N% D+ E& Vability and relying upon a mystic entity 特质called 'character,' which means,
, Z& @! y" U8 |6 a% _( b! t" Xin a gentleman's mouth, the qualities he traditionally possesses himself. ( i; C# z& A" l; q1 v
His lack of imagination and the narrowness of his social loyalties have - `* g$ j/ G4 Q, s& n9 U
ranged against 作对him one of the fundamental estates of the realm. He is incapable

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of that imaginative realism which admits (=demands)that this is a new world to which 9 C9 r6 M" @9 F
he must adjust himself and his institutions(=customs 一切习俗爱好), that (并列)every privilege he formerly
# l8 n# S- e- D2 C* l4 K3 V' ztook as (=regard as )of right 把…看待作权利he can now attain only by offering proof that (同位语从句)it is directly relevant to social welfare.; e9 O. T& A+ a6 k

1 e0 q4 U7 Y6 X7 |4 L, p- }1 FT.H. PEAR English Social Differences, e5 {5 X2 n) f. v- b

: L/ a, u) Z4 P2 ]. q) bInvest in 投资
( Y8 _. H7 c$ H' T9 n, g+ NInvest with 授于
  [5 a1 b. u0 xPractice law---a lawyer
6 r! j) N% F0 c" z0 \; kPractice medicine---a doc./ u- [! i1 t$ A, H- I
Mix with masses( P2 t- B2 B; |$ N, F2 M- l) N
Be loyal to sb….. /loyal to society/social duties.
- |. ~7 D2 s+ Z/ k0 D# H4 cGet down to the roots.
1 i0 d' U9 K% K# L
( C! W% [/ ?0 b0 Y- N; w8 @' E! r$ b: c  U

! \$ a7 G2 R1 o2 a( W( X
: {8 z* K! Q8 I1 v' `Lesson 208 T% d1 O4 M( a

% K8 l1 m9 \. b& tIn the organization of industrial life,在工业生活的组织方面 the influence of the factory upon
6 G3 P4 I5 V* y' @& b" |4 f* C5 nthe physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected./ Z$ B" d& a+ r
Modern industry is based on the conception 理念(concept 概念)of the maximum production at
5 X- u( V7 G$ c( c6 @6 Jlowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn
- K% h: y4 S+ Las much money as possible. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature
  J2 T; O+ A' m6 T# {of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration
; [3 j# d0 L9 D' O' a+ f6 Z8 A7 @to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the # H6 G! j  P, u- T/ [. ~  Z6 R9 N
factory. The great cities have been built with no regard for (没有考虑的三种说法)us. The shape . O# t& a/ G; j
and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining
' ?3 {8 p6 ?+ Uthe maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants # z; J: l- O7 ], \) u2 g1 u/ a" e3 c
offices and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of 4 a8 U3 n# `( _/ q, g5 e$ |- l
gigantic buildings where too large masses (百姓)of human beings are crowed together.+ O7 B1 U. q: B6 H& b& O
Civilized men like such a way of living. While they enjoy the comfort and
$ ?; N' L: t7 H* kBanal平庸,庸俗 luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived
* p, L! r) A2 [2 |) aof the necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices ; ~* d; k7 ]* O
and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes, coal dust, and toxic 含毒的gases, ! \4 }5 K) Q1 Z5 ?- [
torn by the noise of the taxi-cabs, lorries and buses, and thronged (=crowded)ceaselessly
' g+ B/ H! M# oby great crowds. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its % @6 Y+ W3 Q+ O$ X, s2 v
inhabitants.% e& c6 K% K) s$ v4 i& {2 O7 ^
Alexis Carrel Man, the Unknown

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Artificial intelligence   人工智能- f/ Z3 \# H# g' q) a7 t5 a
Offer sth to sb' W- H  ]$ m3 J4 z) y* o
In the organization of social life/in social life/in society
5 x6 g3 u  ^6 N0 d6 E% NToxic ---partial 含毒,  poisonous 整体毒1 ?' k8 p( G& Q9 A' ]* T
I was torn by the choice of going abroad or staying at home.  v6 k9 [8 l' v* ]5 o
For the good of7 _+ h/ Q! V; a. b  O) K' v
for one’s interests
$ @! A: |  l9 ~" ~1 d1 wfor one’s benefits/ }/ z* P8 i7 J$ L
on one’s behalf) n5 i9 W$ R# j! w2 U3 g4 w
in the interest of sb
: i- ]7 X- ?/ x9 M: J# I" V1 G
% r& P$ h- V' w' {monstrous 畸形的,gorilla  极丑
' r+ I9 P+ A( ~& _gas(美)  petrol (英), b7 g. K+ O/ q7 H8 }5 T8 D8 S
edifice 大厦   the whole edifice of his hope collapsed.
' |2 T) e  y( qMansion  /  a dream of red mansions/west chamber 西厢记+ I1 e4 ~' G( o) k$ h+ Y: J) B# U
Anthrax 炭疽热
' Y1 ?3 [2 w9 T- r. W烟雾smog= smoke + fog ) S0 }: u4 c) @1 H# w9 Z, R
cease to do /cease doing  意思相同# O. k/ b/ b" b, \" [
stop to do/stop doing 意思不同( ~; d9 I1 \. Q; o7 v7 D7 \; ?. C. a
men`tality 智力1 w+ K) `  ^6 N( b' e
mental ground 思想境界
: t( s. h* U; F2 _' [mental work4 M6 i$ X, T; l
mental outlook 精神面貌9 \+ F/ ~* u* r3 m3 W7 o2 Z" n
mental age 心理年龄   natural age 实际年龄/ X& U, N7 b) Z$ o* A, G% F+ C1 g
she is neglected at the party. 没注意" f3 D. t  S9 h
she is ignored ………………不理她
- Q# I. ~/ h' W9 fgive no consideration to me 没时间考虑我) B! K4 C, u' ~/ g. J% o, ]

/ D. W7 J& ?8 w% S, P. Q; }' cinfluence  (潜移默化,看不清) 父喝酒,子喝酒; v/ |  o7 B: H2 [
impact (突然的,瞬间的影响, 如到美国一切新东西)
+ C* I! A& D1 a9 @7 T/ S+ X1 E) Jeffect(直观的,可目睹的) 如打针起bubble
- T/ t4 J/ F9 X5 i6 T, D
3 @9 T# ?8 n2 P; JI am a Chinese descendent.后代
5 p1 h0 B$ }( D$ R; f  DOffspring 没有复数) V1 y4 n# F& k1 u
Posterity  ………….' w7 m$ {9 D9 o2 y! ]& h4 X+ Z
Successor 继承人
- C9 P8 r5 G6 sMode of existence 生存方式
. c7 n3 T% P6 }: DLive a mouth-to-hand existence. 生活过的不富裕/ I can only make my ends meet.4 R4 N& A. E; e" h
( [" u2 r6 @. m. U1 N* `
Impose on/ Wield on
" h% g4 h5 D9 A# cMy dad is imposing. 威严
  \3 k* l2 q8 {8 V1 ^$ s: HWith no regard to… 不关心; G# d1 X/ m% C
There is no scarcity of skyscraper /towering building in NY.

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giant panda 大熊猫. t& n) m$ _( L. v  p# c
giant 巨大,庞大' C& T7 n8 P" }1 F
huge 体积庞大
; E( k0 d: b. z$ q" l# kvast 面积巨大
; v/ F( \. A/ B- U1 ]1 F6 ?colossal 体积庞大9 r0 I+ z6 G$ `$ [. T/ H" s- Q. Z, P
civil<>savage; x/ p+ E2 x! y0 S0 t
; B+ x8 k  m$ z4 h6 Q
I live in luxury.! L# H0 l* j- k% o' b
I have a luxurious life.3 p  l& d6 `; \  \8 e7 N* h8 a8 p
Luxuriant 丰富的,肥沃的) F# g4 z' L& u1 b  N: q5 H6 Z; L
The lady bought so many luxuries.奢侈品3 H9 [5 j% g3 M9 S5 s/ U
% [3 }& l# g3 Y5 y5 v9 R
Dwell ---formal, city dweller 城市人8 ]' E: `6 M% z" }1 D2 u
Live
9 z6 d  ?9 ?' P4 ^* m" J/ U2 lReside +at ---formal
; y" o/ ^& C: T8 ]! H9 ~2 JInhabit 民族,部落  we inhabit the earth.
1 X# n' j+ W0 [$ t' ^0 k
5 l  Y# y- }0 P0 d9 ?  ADeprive sb of sth
3 K% z( X7 ?& k( X( V+ I* i5 z3 cPossess <> dispossess3 \* \; L" l  k9 F, N
Invest<>divest sb of sth.+ {6 Y; e1 D* ?* _
I am deprived. 我一无所有  h& ]; e) {  X* n$ s
Deprived class  无产阶级, proletarians  ----formal! D$ l* ?; ^# I! }
3 c- G. t4 M# b2 L

; X9 K* n+ \( h0 U; v% RLesson 22: v3 S7 L. d/ y7 O/ B

; y) K- P  X. WThere has long been a superstition (迷信,超出智力,在此用法不严, 用”legend” 好些)among mariners that porpoises will save 1 c; H- Q& b) n4 l" f7 X- N4 h0 w
drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks . a* h4 E7 C) z* V# V6 S* N! Z
by surrounding them in defensive formation.防御型的阵型 Marine studio biologists have 9 s! R% l* L4 _# Q- t
pointed out that, however, intelligent they may be, it is probably a mistake ( \6 B2 v4 t4 }3 T$ K' g+ [
to credit dolphins with any motive of life-saving. On the occasions when (一定要用when)they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being, they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship船开过后的波浪,乘风破浪前进. In 1928 " [/ |* y. p2 I/ S
some porpoises were photographed working like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged
% Z1 ~: C4 m' T8 M3 Smattress. 主语补足语If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks,
% F& M6 m( b/ G, g8 j0 S. s2 O  Sit may have been because curiosity attracted them and because the scent
) J" L2 ^+ R; Z3 mof a possible meal 可能吃到attracted the sharks. Porpoises and sharks are natural
; u" s: ?$ E5 L  @enemies. It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, 接着发生了with
& Q1 i& S! S! p4 m* _the sharks being driven away or killed.